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<title>Ardipithecus</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Ardipithecus</i></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="Ardipithecus_(album)" title="Ardipithecus (album)">Ardipithecus (album)</a>.</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Ardipithecus</i><br><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> – <a href="Early_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pliocene">Early Pliocene</a>, </div>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> specimen, nicknamed <a href="Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class=" taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>

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<td>Phylum:

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<td><a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a>

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<td>Infraorder:

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<td><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a>

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<td>Subfamily:

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<td><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a>

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<td>Tribe:

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<td><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>

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<td>Subtribe:

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<td><a href="Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><br><small><a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">White</a> <i>et al.</i>, 1995</small>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species

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<ul><li>†<i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></i></li>

<li>†<i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i></li></ul>

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<p><i><b>Ardipithecus</b></i> is a genus of an extinct <a href="Hominine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominine">hominine</a> that lived during the <a href="Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> and <a href="Early_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Pliocene">Early Pliocene</a> epochs in the <a href="Afar_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar Depression">Afar Depression</a>, <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Originally described as one of the earliest ancestors of <a href="Human" title="Human">humans</a> after they diverged from the <a href="Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a>, the relation of this <a href="Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> to human ancestors and whether it is a <a href="Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominin</a> is now a matter of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two fossil <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> are described in the literature: <i><a href="A._ramidus" class="mw-redirect" title="A. ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i>, which lived about 4.4 million years ago<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeo-News_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeo-News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the early <a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, and <i><a href="A._kadabba" class="mw-redirect" title="A. kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i>, dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago (late <a href="Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial behavioral analysis indicated that <i>Ardipithecus</i> could be very similar to chimpanzees;<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, more recent analysis based on canine size and lack of canine sexual dimorphism indicates that <i>Ardipithecus</i> was characterised by reduced aggression,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that they more closely resemble <a href="Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some analyses describe <i>Australopithecus</i> as being sister to <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i> is distinctly more closely related to <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> than <i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i>. <a href="Cladistically" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistically">Cladistically</a>, then, <i>Australopithecus</i> (and eventually <i><a href="Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>) indeed emerged within the <i>Ardipithecus</i> lineage, and this lineage is not literally extinct.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ardipithecus_ramidus"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></h2></div>

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</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Miocene" title="Miocene"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Miocene</span></a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:12.900em;height:13.765em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.883em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.058em;height:12.841em;left:0.000em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:-0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.421em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:14.000em;height:36.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-6.7em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:120%"><b><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:48.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:46.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:44.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></span></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_turkae" title="Ouranopithecus turkae">Ou. turkae</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis" title="Ouranopithecus macedoniensis">Ou. macedoniensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:35.000em;height:10.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.75em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:39.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.75em;left:-0.4em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:34.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:-1.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:29.500em;height:0.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2.5em;left:0.15em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. praegens</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">O. tugenensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:22.000em;height:6.850em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-3.75em;left:-0.3em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.425em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:27.700em;height:1.150em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.75em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ar. kadabba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:21.500em;height:1.000em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.500em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ar. ramidus</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:16.500em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:3em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#DCEEFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:8.250em;height:5.750em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.9em;left:-0.5em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.875em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.570em;height:9.430em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.5em;left:-1em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.715em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">H. erectus</a></span></b></i><br><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a>)</i><br><i>(<a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a>)</i></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FFE4F1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:1.000em;height:2.500em;left:2.600em;width:10.400em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1em;left:-0.2em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></span></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:1.500em;left:3.900em;width:9.100em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.7em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.750em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><i><b><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">Homo sapiens</a></span></b></i></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.000em;height:0.200em;left:1.300em;width:3.900em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.100em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:1.050em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.8em;left:2.6em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.525em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#F3F300;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:1.300em;width:11.700em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#7DFFFF;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:0.200em;height:0.370em;left:2.600em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:1.4em;left:2.8em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.185em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></span></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ABFFAB;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;pointer-events:none;top:6.000em;height:8.500em;left:11.700em;width:1.300em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em;pointer-events:none"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.250em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5;pointer-events:initial"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em;pointer-events:none"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution#Hominidae" title="Timeline of human evolution">Earlier apes</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee split</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Earliest bipedal</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Earliest sign of <i>Ardipithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Earliest sign of <i>Australopithecus</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Stone_Age#Beginning_of_the_Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Earliest stone tools</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="LD_350-1" title="LD 350-1">Earliest sign of<br> <i>Homo</i></a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.600em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Dispersal beyond Africa</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Earliest fire</a> / <a href="Cooking#History" title="Cooking">cooking</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.6em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Rock_art#East_Asia" title="Rock art">Earliest rock art</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.625em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Clothing#Origin_and_history" title="Clothing">Earliest clothes</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.250em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="font-size:95%;"><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Modern humans</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:21.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:0.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:110%"><b><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">H o m i n i d s</a></span></b></span></div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;margin-top:3.000em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;pointer-events:none;top:3.25em;left:-5em;width:7em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0;pointer-events:initial"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; font-size:85%;"><b><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">P a r a n t h r o p u s</a></span></span></b></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></div>

<p><i>A. ramidus</i> was named in September 1994. The first fossil found was dated to 4.4 million years ago on the basis of its stratigraphic position between two volcanic <a href="Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>: the basal <a href="Tuff" title="Tuff">Gaala Tuff Complex</a> (G.A.T.C.) and the <a href="Basalt" title="Basalt">Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff</a> (D.A.B.T.).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> stems mostly from the <a href="Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar language</a>, in which <i>Ardi</i> means "ground/floor" and <i>ramid</i> means "root". The <i>pithecus</i> portion of the name is from the <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for "ape".<sup id="cite_ref-NOVA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOVA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Like most <a href="Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominids</a>, but unlike all previously recognized hominins, it had a grasping <a href="Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">hallux</a> or big toe adapted for locomotion in the trees. It is not confirmed how many other features of its skeleton reflect adaptation to <a href="Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">bipedalism</a> on the ground as well. Like later hominins, <i>Ardipithecus</i> had reduced <a href="Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine teeth</a> and reduced canine sexual dimorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1992–1993 a research team headed by <a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim White</a> discovered the first <i>A. ramidus</i> fossils—seventeen fragments including skull, mandible, teeth and arm bones—from the <a href="Afar_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Afar Depression">Afar Depression</a> in the <a href="Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> river valley of <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. More fragments were recovered in 1994, amounting to 45% of the total skeleton. This fossil was originally described as a species of <i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>, but White and his colleagues later published a note in the same journal renaming the fossil under a new genus, <i>Ardipithecus</i>. Between 1999 and 2003, a multidisciplinary team led by Sileshi Semaw discovered bones and teeth of nine <i>A. ramidus</i> individuals at As Duma in the <a href="Gona%2C_Ethiopia" title="Gona, Ethiopia">Gona area</a> of Ethiopia's <a href="Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stoneageinstitute.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoneageinstitute.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossils were dated to between 4.35 and 4.45 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> had a small brain, measuring between 300 and 350 cm<sup>3</sup>. This is slightly smaller than a modern bonobo or female chimpanzee brain, but much smaller than the brain of <a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">australopithecines</a> like Lucy (~400 to 550 cm<sup>3</sup>) and roughly 20% the size of the modern <i>Homo sapiens</i> brain. Like common chimpanzees, <i>A. ramidus</i> was much more <a href="Prognathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognathic">prognathic</a> than modern humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The teeth of <i>A. ramidus</i> lacked the specialization of other apes, and suggest that it was a generalized <a href="Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivore</a> and <a href="Frugivore" title="Frugivore">frugivore</a> (fruit eater) with a diet that did not depend heavily on foliage, fibrous plant material (roots, tubers, etc.), or hard and or abrasive food. The size of the upper <a href="Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canine tooth</a> in <i>A. ramidus</i> males was not distinctly different from that of females. Their upper canines were less sharp than those of modern common chimpanzees in part because of this decreased upper canine size, as larger upper canines can be honed through wear against teeth in the lower mouth. The features of the upper canine in <i>A. ramidus</i> contrast with the <a href="Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> observed in common chimpanzees, where males have significantly larger and sharper upper canine teeth than females.<sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009b_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the living apes, bonobos have the smallest canine sexual dimorphism, although still greater than that displayed by <i>A. ramidus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The less pronounced nature of the upper canine teeth in <i>A. ramidus</i> has been used to infer aspects of the <a href="Primatology#Primatology_in_sociobiology" title="Primatology">social behavior</a> of the species and more ancestral hominids. In particular, it has been used to suggest that the <a href="Last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Last common ancestor">last common ancestor</a> of hominids and African apes was characterized by relatively little aggression between males and between groups. This is markedly different from social patterns in common chimpanzees, among which intermale and intergroup aggression are typically high. Researchers in a 2009 study said that this condition "compromises the living chimpanzee as a behavioral model for the ancestral hominid condition."<sup id="cite_ref-Suwa_2009b_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suwa_2009b-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonobo canine size and canine sexual dimorphism more closely resembles that of <i>A. ramidus</i>, and as a result, bonobos are now suggested as a behavioural model.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i>A. ramidus</i> existed more recently than the <a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of humans and chimpanzees (<a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">CLCA or <i>Pan</i>-<i>Homo</i> LCA</a>) and thus is not fully representative of that common ancestor. Nevertheless, it is in some ways unlike chimpanzees, suggesting that the common ancestor differs from the modern chimpanzee. After the chimpanzee and human lineages diverged, both underwent substantial evolutionary change. Chimp feet are specialized for grasping trees; <i>A. ramidus</i> feet are better suited for walking. The canine teeth of <i>A. ramidus</i> are smaller, and equal in size between males and females, which suggests reduced male-to-male conflict, increased pair-bonding, and increased parental investment. "Thus, fundamental reproductive and social behavioral changes probably occurred in hominids long before they had enlarged brains and began to use stone tools," the research team concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ardi" title="Ardi">Ardi</a></div>

<p>On October 1, <a href="2009_in_science" title="2009 in science">2009</a>, paleontologists formally announced the discovery of the relatively complete <i>A. ramidus</i> fossil skeleton first unearthed in 1994. The fossil is the remains of a small-brained 50-kilogram (110 lb) female, nicknamed "Ardi", and includes most of the skull and teeth, as well as the pelvis, hands, and feet.<sup id="cite_ref-NewKind_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewKind-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discovered in Ethiopia's harsh <a href="Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar desert</a> at a site called <a href="Aramis%2C_Ethiopia" title="Aramis, Ethiopia">Aramis</a> in the Middle Awash region. Radiometric dating of the layers of volcanic ash encasing the deposits suggest that Ardi lived about 4.3 to 4.5 million years ago. This date, however, has been questioned by others. Fleagle and Kappelman suggest that the region in which Ardi was found is difficult to date radiometrically, and they argue that Ardi should be dated at 3.9 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/nature09709_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/nature09709-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The fossil is regarded by its describers as shedding light on a stage of human evolution about which little was known, more than a million years before <a href="Lucy_(Australopithecus)" title="Lucy (Australopithecus)">Lucy</a> (<i>Australopithecus afarensis</i>), the iconic early human ancestor candidate who lived 3.2 million years ago, and was discovered in 1974 just 74 km (46 mi) away from Ardi's discovery site. However, because the "Ardi" skeleton is no more than 200,000 years older than the earliest fossils of <i>Australopithecus</i>, and may in fact be younger than they are,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1038/nature09709_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1038/nature09709-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some researchers doubt that it can represent a direct ancestor of <i>Australopithecus</i>.

</p><p>Some researchers infer from the form of her pelvis and limbs and the presence of her <a href="Abduction_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (kinesiology)">abductable</a> <a href="Hallux" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallux">hallux</a>, that "Ardi" was a <a href="Facultative_biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative biped">facultative biped</a>: <a href="Biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Biped">bipedal</a> when moving on the ground, but <a href="Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupedal</a> when moving about in tree branches.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A. ramidus</i> had a more primitive walking ability than later hominids, and could not walk or run for long distances.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teeth suggest <a href="Omnivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivory">omnivory</a>, and are more generalised than those of modern apes.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">Casts of Ardi's finger bones.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ardipithecus_kadabba"><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i></h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></div>

<p><i>Ardipithecus kadabba</i> is "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones",<sup id="cite_ref-NewKind_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewKind-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been described as a "probable <a href="Chronospecies" title="Chronospecies">chronospecies</a>" (i.e. ancestor) of <i>A. ramidus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AndThePaleobiology_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndThePaleobiology-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originally considered a subspecies of <i>A. ramidus</i>, in 2004 anthropologists <a href="Yohannes_Haile-Selassie" title="Yohannes Haile-Selassie">Yohannes Haile-Selassie</a>, <a href="Gen_Suwa" title="Gen Suwa">Gen Suwa</a>, and <a href="Tim_D._White" title="Tim D. White">Tim D. White</a> published an article elevating <i>A. kadabba</i> to species level on the basis of newly discovered teeth from <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. These teeth show "primitive morphology and wear pattern" which demonstrate that <i>A. kadabba</i> is a distinct species from <i>A. ramidus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MioceneTeeth_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MioceneTeeth-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The specific name comes from the <a href="Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> word for "basal family ancestor".<sup id="cite_ref-EllisNTB_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisNTB-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>Due to several shared characteristics with chimpanzees, its closeness to ape divergence period, and due to its fossil incompleteness, the exact position of <i>Ardipithecus</i> in the fossil record is a subject of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primatologist <a href="Esteban_Sarmiento" title="Esteban Sarmiento">Esteban Sarmiento</a> had systematically compared and concluded that there is not sufficient anatomical evidence to support an exclusively human lineage. Sarmiento noted that <i>Ardipithecus</i> does not share any characteristics exclusive to humans, and some of its characteristics (those in the wrist and basicranium) suggest it diverged from humans prior to the <a href="Human%E2%80%93gorilla_last_common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Human–gorilla last common ancestor">human–gorilla last common ancestor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His comparative (narrow <a href="Allometry" title="Allometry">allometry</a>) study in 2011 on the molar and body segment lengths (which included living primates of similar body size) noted that some dimensions including short upper limbs, and <a href="Metacarpals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpals">metacarpals</a> are reminiscent of humans, but other dimensions such as long toes and relative molar surface area are <a href="Great_ape" class="mw-redirect" title="Great ape">great ape</a>-like. Sarmiento concluded that such length measures can change back and forth during evolution and are not very good indicators of relatedness (<a href="Homoplasy" title="Homoplasy">homoplasy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, some later studies still argue for its classification in the human lineage. In 2014, it was reported that the hand bones of <i>Ardipithecus</i>, <i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Australopithecus sediba</a></i> and <i><a href="A._afarensis" class="mw-redirect" title="A. afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i> have the third metacarpal <a href="Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a>, which is absent in other apes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unique brain organisations (such as lateral shift of the carotid foramina, mediolateral abbreviation of the lateral <a href="Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">tympanic</a>, and a shortened, trapezoidal <a href="Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">basioccipital</a> element) in <i>Ardipithecus</i> are also found only in the <i>Australopithecus</i> and <i>Homo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparison of the tooth root morphology with those of the earlier <i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i> also indicated strong resemblance, also pointing to inclusion to the human line.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Evolutionary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary tree">Evolutionary tree</a> according to a 2019 study:<sup id="cite_ref-Parins2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parins2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<td class="clade-label first"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a>

</td>

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<p><a href="Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">Chimpanzee</a>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

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<td class="clade-label"><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>

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<div>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><b>Ardipithecus</b></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

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</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="clade-label"><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">Au. anamensis</a></i>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">Au. afarensis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

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</td>

<div>

<td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">Au. africanus</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td class="clade-label"><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">Au. garhi</a></i>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">Au. sediba</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<div>

</td>

<p><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<p>Other <i><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2></div>

<p>The <i>Ardipithecus</i> length measures are good indicators of function and together with dental isotope data and the fauna and flora from the fossil site indicate <i>Ardipithecus</i> was mainly a terrestrial quadruped collecting a large portion of its food on the ground. Its arboreal behaviors would have been limited and suspension from branches solely from the upper limbs rare.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarmiento2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarmiento2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comparative study in 2013 on carbon and oxygen stable isotopes within modern and fossil <a href="Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> revealed that <i>Ardipithecus</i> fed both <a href="Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreally</a> (on trees) and on the ground in a more open habitat, unlike chimpanzees.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2015, Australian anthropologists Gary Clark and Maciej Henneberg said that <i>Ardipithecus</i> adults have a facial anatomy more similar to chimpanzee subadults than adults, with a less-projecting face and smaller canines (large canines in primate males are used to compete within mating hierarchies), and attributed this to a decrease in craniofacial growth in favour of brain growth. This is only seen in humans, so they argued that the species may show the first trend towards human social, parenting and sexual psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, it was assumed that such ancient human ancestors behaved much like chimps, but this is no longer considered to be a viable comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view has yet to be corroborated by more detailed studies of the growth of <i>A. ramidus</i>. The study also provides support for <a href="Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>'s theory in <a href="Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)"><i>Ontogeny and Phylogeny</i></a> that the paedomorphic (childlike) form of early hominin craniofacial morphology results from dissociation of growth trajectories.

</p><p>Clark and Henneberg also argued that such shortening of the skull—which may have caused a descension of the <a href="Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>—as well as lordosis—allowing better movement of the larynx—increased vocal ability, significantly pushing back the <a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a> to well before the evolution of <i>Homo</i>. They argued that self domestication was aided by the development of vocalization, living in a pro-social society. They conceded that chimps and <i>A. ramidus</i> likely had the same vocal capabilities, but said that <i>A. ramidus</i> made use of more complex vocalizations, and vocalized at the same level as a human infant due to <a href="Selective_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective pressure">selective pressure</a> to become more social. This would have allowed their society to become more complex. They also noted that the base of the skull stopped growing with the brain by the end of juvenility, whereas in chimps it continues growing with the rest of the body into adulthood; and considered this evidence of a switch from a gross skeletal anatomy trajectory to a neurological development trajectory due to selective pressure for sociability. Nonetheless, their conclusions are highly speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to Scott Simpson, the Gona Project's <a href="Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">physical anthropologist</a>, the fossil evidence from the <a href="Middle_Awash" title="Middle Awash">Middle Awash</a> indicates that both <i>A. kadabba</i> and <i>A. ramidus</i> lived in "a mosaic of woodland and grasslands with lakes, swamps and springs nearby," but further research is needed to determine which habitat <i>Ardipithecus</i> at Gona preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-stoneageinstitute.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoneageinstitute.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">List of human evolution fossils</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_&_Henneberg_2015_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClarkHenneberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Gary; Henneberg, Maciej (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fanre-2015-0009">"The life history of Ardipithecus ramidus: A heterochronic model of sexual and social maturation"</a>. <i>Anthropological Review</i>. <b>78</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>132. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fanre-2015-0009">10.1515/anre-2015-0009</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSayersRaghantiLovejoy2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sayers, Ken; Raghanti, Mary Ann; Lovejoy, C. Owen (2012). "Human Evolution and the Chimpanzee Referential Doctrine". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">119–</span>38. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-anthro-092611-145815">10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145815</a>. <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2158266">2158266</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClarkHenneberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, G.; Henneberg, M. (2017). "<i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> and the evolution of language and singing: An early origin for hominin vocal capability". <i>Homo</i>. <b>68</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>121. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jchb.2017.03.001">10.1016/j.jchb.2017.03.001</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28363458">28363458</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ardipithecus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ardipithecus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/ardipithecus/">Science Magazine: <i>Ardipithecus</i> special</a> (requires free registration)</li>

<li>The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-kadabba">Ardipithecus kadabba</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/ardipithecus-ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/ardipithecusramidus.htm"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308171256/http://archaeologyinfo.com/ardipithecus-ramidus/">Archived</a> 2012-03-08 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Archaeology info</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004002759/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/human-evolution/human-ancestor"><i>Explore Ardipithecus</i></a> at <a href="National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">NationalGeographic.com</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1175802?sid=0e89e15f-0594-40ef-9dce-2b9b9f48d9e6"><i>Ardipithecus ramidus</i> - Science Journal Article</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228131344/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/ardipithecus/ardipithecus.html">Discovering Ardi - Discovery Channel</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016).</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_evolution511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Human_evolution511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_taxonomy" title="Human taxonomy">Taxonomy</a><br>(<a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Last common ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chimpanzee%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor">Chimpanzee–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gorilla%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gorilla–human last common ancestor">Gorilla–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Orangutan%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Orangutan–human last common ancestor">Orangutan–human</a></li>

<li><a href="Gibbon%E2%80%93human_last_common_ancestor" title="Gibbon–human last common ancestor">Gibbon–human</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">Australopithecines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_kadabba" title="Ardipithecus kadabba">A. kadabba</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">A. ramidus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Australopithecus_afarensis" title="Australopithecus afarensis">A. afarensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_africanus" title="Australopithecus africanus">A. africanus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_anamensis" title="Australopithecus anamensis">A. anamensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali">A. bahrelghazali</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_deyiremeda" title="Australopithecus deyiremeda">A. deyiremeda</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_garhi" title="Australopithecus garhi">A. garhi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Australopithecus_sediba" title="Australopithecus sediba">A. sediba</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Paranthropus_aethiopicus" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus">P. aethiopicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_boisei" title="Paranthropus boisei">P. boisei</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Paranthropus_robustus" title="Paranthropus robustus">P. robustus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Homo" title="Homo">Humans and<br>proto-humans<br>(<i>Homo</i>)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proto-humans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_gautengensis" title="Homo gautengensis">H. gautengensis</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">H. habilis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_naledi" title="Homo naledi">H. naledi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rudolfensis" title="Homo rudolfensis">H. rudolfensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Java_Man" title="Java Man">H. e. erectus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">H. e. georgicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lantian_Man" title="Lantian Man">H. e. lantianensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nanjing_Man" title="Nanjing Man">H. e. nankinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">H. e. pekinensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">H. e. soloensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tautavel_Man" title="Tautavel Man">H. e. tautavelensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">H. e. yuanmouensis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Archaic_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic humans">Archaic humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">H. antecessor</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">H. ergaster</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">H. floresiensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">H. heidelbergensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_longi" title="Homo longi">H. longi</a></i> (?)</li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_luzonensis" title="Homo luzonensis">H. luzonensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">H. neanderthalensis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Homo_rhodesiensis" title="Homo rhodesiensis">H. rhodesiensis</a></i> (?)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Human" title="Human">Modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Homo_sapiens26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human"><i>H. s. sapiens</i> (archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)</a></li>

<li><a href="Jebel_Irhoud" title="Jebel Irhoud">Jebel Irhoud</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Herto_Man" title="Herto Man">H. s. idaltu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a></li>

<li><a href="Manot_1" title="Manot 1">Manot people</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Deer_Cave_people" title="Red Deer Cave people">Red Deer Cave people</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Ancestors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Homo_habilis" title="Homo habilis">Homo habilis</a></i> → <i><a href="Homo_ergaster" title="Homo ergaster">Homo ergaster</a></i> / <i><a href="Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> (→ <i><a href="Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>)<sup>?</sup> → <i><a href="Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> → <i>archaic Homo sapiens</i> → <i><a href="Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gathering_hypothesis" title="Gathering hypothesis">Gathering</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance_running_hypothesis" title="Endurance running hypothesis">Endurance running</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-domestication#In_humans" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Diet

<ul><li><a href="Control_of_fire_by_early_humans#The_cooking_hypothesis" title="Control of fire by early humans">Cooking</a></li>

<li><a href="Expensive_tissue_hypothesis" title="Expensive tissue hypothesis">Expensive tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_ape_hypothesis#Diet" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Shore-based</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Drugs

<ul><li><a href="Drunken_monkey_hypothesis" title="Drunken monkey hypothesis">Drunken monkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_models_of_human_drug_use" title="Evolutionary models of human drug use">Evolutionary models of human drug use</a></li>

<li><a href="Stoned_ape_theory" title="Stoned ape theory">Stoned ape theory</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Behavior

<ul><li><a href="Killer_ape_theory" title="Killer ape theory">Killer ape</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_eye_hypothesis" title="Cooperative eye hypothesis">Cooperative eye</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Life history

<ul><li><a href="Grandmother_hypothesis" title="Grandmother hypothesis">Grandmother</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriarch_hypothesis" title="Patriarch hypothesis">Patriarch</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Evolution_of_bipedalism_in_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of bipedalism in humans">Bipedalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" title="Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism">Skeleton</a></li>

<li><a href="Muscular_evolution_in_humans" title="Muscular evolution in humans">Muscles</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of skin color">Skin color</a></li>

<li><a href="Cold_and_heat_adaptations_in_humans" title="Cold and heat adaptations in humans">Thermoregulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_division_of_labour#Hypotheses_for_the_evolutionary_origins_of_SDL" title="Sexual division of labour">Gender roles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Origin_of_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of modern humans">Origin of modern humans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Multiregional origin of modern humans">Multiregional origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans" title="Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans">Archaic admixture</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">Early migrations</a></li>

<li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent evolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Human evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Human prehistory</a></li>

<li>Human timeline</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Theorists</li>

<li>Books</li>

<li><a href="List_of_human_evolution_fossils" title="List of human evolution fossils">Fossils</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Human evolutionary developmental biology">Human evolutionary developmental biology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_evolution" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Human evolution">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <b><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology Portal</a></b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Science_Breakthroughs_of_the_Year112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Breakthrough_of_the_Year" title="Breakthrough of the Year"><i>Science</i> Breakthroughs of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><i><a href="Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i><br>journal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> understanding</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="Dolly_(sheep)" title="Dolly (sheep)">Dolly the sheep</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">Accelerating universe</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">Whole genome sequencing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="Nanocircuitry" title="Nanocircuitry">Nanocircuits</a> or <a href="Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular circuit</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> in action</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="Poincar%C3%A9_conjecture" title="Poincaré conjecture">Poincaré conjecture</a> proof</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">Human genetic variation</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell" title="Induced pluripotent stem cell">Cellular reprogramming</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2009: <i><a href="Ardipithecus_ramidus" title="Ardipithecus ramidus">Ardipithecus ramidus</a></i></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2010: First <a href="Quantum_machine" title="Quantum machine">quantum machine</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="HPTN_052" title="HPTN 052">HPTN 052</a> clinical trial</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson</a> discovery</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">Cancer immunotherapy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i> comet mission</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="CRISPR_gene_editing" title="CRISPR gene editing">CRISPR genome-editing method</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="First_observation_of_gravitational_waves" title="First observation of gravitational waves">First observation</a> of <a href="Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="GW170817" title="GW170817">GW170817</a> (<a href="Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">neutron star merger</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="Single-cell_sequencing" title="Single-cell sequencing">Single-cell sequencing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2019: A <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> <a href="Messier_87" title="Messier 87">made visible</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a> developed at record speed</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AI</a> brings <a href="Protein_structure_prediction" title="Protein structure prediction">protein structures</a> to all</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> debut</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="GLP-1_receptor_agonist" title="GLP-1 receptor agonist">GLP-1 drugs</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="Lenacapavir" title="Lenacapavir">Lenacapavir</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haplorhini181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li>

<li>Phylum: <a href="Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li>

<li>Class: <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li>

<li>Order: <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Haplorhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Haplorhini" title="Haplorhini">Haplorhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="†&quot;Omomyidae&quot;257" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Altanius" title="Altanius">Altanius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Bownomomys" title="Bownomomys">Bownomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Kohatius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microchoerinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Indusomys</i></li>

<li><i>Melaneremia</i></li>

<li><i>Microchoerus</i></li>

<li><i>Nannopithex</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Necrolemur" title="Necrolemur">Necrolemur</a></i></li>

<li><i>Paraloris</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudoloris</i></li>

<li><i>Quercyloris</i></li>

<li><i>Vectipithex</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="Anaptomorphinae" title="Anaptomorphinae">Anaptomorphinae</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Absarokius</i></li>

<li><i>Anaptomorphus</i></li>

<li><i>Anemorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Arapahovius</i></li>

<li><i>Aycrossia</i></li>

<li><i>Chlororhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Gazinius</i></li>

<li><i>Pseudotetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Sphacorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Strigorhysis</i></li>

<li><i>Tatmanius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Teilhardina" title="Teilhardina">Teilhardina</a></i></li>

<li><i>Tetonius</i></li>

<li><i>Tetonoides</i></li>

<li><i>Trogolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Walshina</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"Omomyinae"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Ageitodendron</i></li>

<li><i>Asiomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Brontomomys</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chipetaia" title="Chipetaia">Chipetaia</a></i></li>

<li><i>Chumashius</i></li>

<li><i>Diablomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Dyseolemur</i></li>

<li><i>Ekwiiyemakius</i></li>

<li><i>Gunnelltarsius</i></li>

<li><i>Hemiacodon</i></li>

<li><i>Jemezius</i></li>

<li><i>Loveina</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macrotarsius" title="Macrotarsius">Macrotarsius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nesomomys" title="Nesomomys">Nesomomys</a></i></li>

<li><i>Omomys</i></li>

<li><i>Ourayia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rooneyia" title="Rooneyia">Rooneyia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shoshonius" title="Shoshonius">Shoshonius</a></i></li>

<li><i>Steinius</i></li>

<li><i>Stockia</i></li>

<li><i>Uintanius</i></li>

<li><i>Utahia</i></li>

<li><i>Washakius</i></li>

<li><i>Wyomomys</i></li>

<li><i>Yaquius</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tarkadectinae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Tarka</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkadectes</i></li>

<li><i>Tarkops</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsiiformes" title="Tarsiiformes">Tarsiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Archicebus" title="Archicebus">Archicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a></b>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>"<a href="Omomyidae" title="Omomyidae">Omomyidae</a>"</b>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tarsier" title="Tarsier">Tarsiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Philippine_tarsier" title="Philippine tarsier">Carlito</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Horsfield's_tarsier" title="Horsfield's tarsier">Cephalopachus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Hesperotarsius</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Oligotarsius</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tarsius" title="Tarsius">Tarsius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Xanthorhysis</i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Simiiformes181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Simiiformes108" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Simian" title="Simian">Simiiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Altiatlasius" title="Altiatlasius">Altiatlasius</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Amamria" title="Amamria">Amamria</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Aseanpithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nosmips" title="Nosmips">Nosmips</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Phileosimias" title="Phileosimias">Phileosimias</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Afrotarsiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrotarsiidae">Afrotarsiidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Afrasia_djijidae" title="Afrasia djijidae">Afrasia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Afrotarsius" title="Afrotarsius">Afrotarsius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Eosimiidae" title="Eosimiidae">Eosimiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Bahinia</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eosimias" title="Eosimias">Eosimias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Phenacopithecus" title="Phenacopithecus">Phenacopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Amphipithecidae" title="Amphipithecidae">Amphipithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Amphipithecus" title="Amphipithecus">Amphipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Bugtipithecus</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Ganlea" title="Ganlea">Ganlea</a></i></li>

<li><i>Krabia</i></li>

<li><i>Myanmarpithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Pondaungia</i></li>

<li><i>Siamopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Parapithecoidea" title="Parapithecoidea">Parapithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Arsinoea" title="Arsinoea">Arsinoea</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Biretia" title="Biretia">Biretia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proteopithecidae" title="Proteopithecidae">Proteopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Proteopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Serapia_eocaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapia eocaena">Serapia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parapithecidae" title="Parapithecidae">Parapithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Abuqatrania</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apidium" title="Apidium">Apidium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Parapithecus" title="Parapithecus">Parapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Qatrania" title="Qatrania">Qatrania</a></i></li>

<li><i>Ucayalipithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">Platyrrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Parvimico</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Perupithecus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Szalatavus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Canaanimico" title="Canaanimico">Canaanimico</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Branisella" title="Branisella">Branisella</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lagonimico" title="Lagonimico">Lagonimico</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Aotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotidae">Aotidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">Aotus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Tremacebus" title="Tremacebus">Tremacebus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pitheciidae" title="Pitheciidae">Pitheciidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Hispaniola_monkey" title="Hispaniola monkey">Antillothrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Uakari" title="Uakari">Cacajao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callicebus" title="Callicebus">Callicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Carlocebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cebupithecia" title="Cebupithecia">Cebupithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cheracebus" title="Cheracebus">Cheracebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bearded_saki" title="Bearded saki">Chiropotes</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Homunculus_patagonicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homunculus patagonicus">Homunculus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Insulacebus" title="Insulacebus">Insulacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Mazzonicebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Miocallicebus" title="Miocallicebus">Miocallicebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nuciruptor" title="Nuciruptor">Nuciruptor</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saki_monkey" title="Saki monkey">Pithecia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Plecturocebus" title="Plecturocebus">Plecturocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Proteropithecia</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soriacebus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Jamaican_monkey" title="Jamaican monkey">Xenothrix</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Atelidae" title="Atelidae">Atelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Howler_monkey" title="Howler monkey">Alouatta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">Ateles</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muriqui" title="Muriqui">Brachyteles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Caipora_bambuiorum" title="Caipora bambuiorum">Caipora</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cartelles" title="Cartelles">Cartelles</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chilecebus" title="Chilecebus">Chilecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mohanamico" title="Mohanamico">Mohanamico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">Oreonax</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paralouatta" title="Paralouatta">Paralouatta</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Protopithecus" title="Protopithecus">Protopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Solimoea" title="Solimoea">Solimoea</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Stirtonia_(mammal)" title="Stirtonia (mammal)">Stirtonia</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cebidae" title="Cebidae">Cebidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Acrecebus" title="Acrecebus">Acrecebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Gracile_capuchin_monkey" title="Gracile capuchin monkey">Cebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichocebus" title="Dolichocebus">Dolichocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Killikaike" class="mw-redirect" title="Killikaike">Killikaike</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Panamacebus" title="Panamacebus">Panamacebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Patasola_magdalenae" title="Patasola magdalenae">Patasola</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Squirrel_monkey" title="Squirrel monkey">Saimiri</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Robust_capuchin_monkey" title="Robust capuchin monkey">Sapajus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Callitrichidae" title="Callitrichidae">Callitrichidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Goeldi's_marmoset" title="Goeldi's marmoset">Callimico</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Callithrix" title="Callithrix">Callithrix</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pygmy_marmoset" title="Pygmy marmoset">Cebuella</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Saddle-back_tamarin" title="Saddle-back tamarin">Leontocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Lion_tamarin" title="Lion tamarin">Leontopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micodon" title="Micodon">Micodon</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tamarin" title="Tamarin">Saguinus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Catarrhini181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Catarrhini100" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Catarrhini" title="Catarrhini">Catarrhini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Saadanius" title="Saadanius">Saadanius</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Oligopithecidae" title="Oligopithecidae">Oligopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Catopithecus" title="Catopithecus">Catopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oligopithecus" title="Oligopithecus">Oligopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Talahpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Propliopithecoidea" title="Propliopithecoidea">Propliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Aegyptopithecus" title="Aegyptopithecus">Aegyptopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Propliopithecus" title="Propliopithecus">Propliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Pliopithecoidea" title="Pliopithecoidea">Pliopithecoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Krishnapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Paidopithex</i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pliopithecidae" title="Pliopithecidae">Pliopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Epipliopithecus" title="Epipliopithecus">Epipliopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliopithecus" title="Pliopithecus">Pliopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dionysopithecidae" title="Dionysopithecidae">Dionysopithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Dionysopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Platodontopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Crouzeliinae" title="Crouzeliinae">Crouzeliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anapithecus" title="Anapithecus">Anapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Barberapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Crouzelia</i></li>

<li><i>Egarapithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Fanchangia</i></li>

<li><i>Laccopithecus</i></li>

<li><i>Plesiopliopithecus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pliobates" title="Pliobates">Pliobates</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Old_World_monkey" title="Old World monkey">Cercopithecoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Alophe" title="Alophe">Alophe</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr>Victoriapithecidae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Noropithecus" title="Noropithecus">Noropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nsungwepithecus" title="Nsungwepithecus">Nsungwepithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i>Prohylobates</i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Victoriapithecus" title="Victoriapithecus">Victoriapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Zaltanpithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Colobinae" title="Colobinae">Colobinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Cercopithecoides" title="Cercopithecoides">Cercopithecoides</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Black-and-white_colobus" title="Black-and-white colobus">Colobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dolichopithecus" title="Dolichopithecus">Dolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Kuseracolobus</i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Libypithecus" title="Libypithecus">Libypithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Mesopithecus" title="Mesopithecus">Mesopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Microcolobus" title="Microcolobus">Microcolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Proboscis_monkey" title="Proboscis monkey">Nasalis</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paracolobus" title="Paracolobus">Paracolobus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapresbytis" title="Parapresbytis">Parapresbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Red_colobus" title="Red colobus">Piliocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Presbytis" title="Presbytis">Presbytis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Olive_colobus" title="Olive colobus">Procolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Douc" title="Douc">Pygathrix</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Rhinocolobus" title="Rhinocolobus">Rhinocolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Snub-nosed_monkey" title="Snub-nosed monkey">Rhinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sawecolobus" title="Sawecolobus">Sawecolobus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Semnopithecus" title="Semnopithecus">Semnopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Pig-tailed_langur" title="Pig-tailed langur">Simias</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Trachypithecus" title="Trachypithecus">Trachypithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecinae" title="Cercopithecinae">Cercopithecinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cercopithecini" title="Cercopithecini">Cercopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Allen's_swamp_monkey" title="Allen's swamp monkey">Allenopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Allochrocebus" title="Allochrocebus">Allochrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Guenon" title="Guenon">Cercopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Chlorocebus" title="Chlorocebus">Chlorocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Erythrocebus" title="Erythrocebus">Erythrocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Talapoin" title="Talapoin">Miopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Nanopithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papionini" title="Papionini">Papionini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="White-eyelid_mangabey" title="White-eyelid mangabey">Cercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Dinopithecus" title="Dinopithecus">Dinopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Gorgopithecus" title="Gorgopithecus">Gorgopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Crested_mangabey" title="Crested mangabey">Lophocebus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Macaque" title="Macaque">Macaca</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mandrillus" title="Mandrillus">Mandrillus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Baboon" title="Baboon">Papio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paradolichopithecus" title="Paradolichopithecus">Paradolichopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Parapapio" title="Parapapio">Parapapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Pliopapio" title="Pliopapio">Pliopapio</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Procercocebus" title="Procercocebus">Procercocebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Procynocephalus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kipunji" title="Kipunji">Rungwecebus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i>Soromandrillus</i></li>

<li><i><a href="Theropithecus" title="Theropithecus">Theropithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hominoidea181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hominoidea104" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Ape" title="Ape">Hominoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Afropithecus" title="Afropithecus">Afropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ekembo" title="Ekembo">Ekembo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Equatorius" title="Equatorius">Equatorius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Griphopithecus" title="Griphopithecus">Griphopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kamoyapithecus" title="Kamoyapithecus">Kamoyapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyapithecus" title="Kenyapithecus">Kenyapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Morotopithecus" title="Morotopithecus">Morotopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nacholapithecus" title="Nacholapithecus">Nacholapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Otavipithecus" title="Otavipithecus">Otavipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Proconsul_(mammal)" title="Proconsul (mammal)">Proconsul</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Samburupithecus" title="Samburupithecus">Samburupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dendropithecidae" title="Dendropithecidae">Dendropithecidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Dendropithecus" title="Dendropithecus">Dendropithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Micropithecus" title="Micropithecus">Micropithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Nyanzapithecus" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oreopithecus" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rangwapithecus" title="Rangwapithecus">Rangwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Rukwapithecus" title="Rukwapithecus">Rukwapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Simiolus" title="Simiolus">Simiolus</a></i></li>

<li><i>Turkanapithecus</i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gibbon" title="Gibbon">Hylobatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Bunopithecus" title="Bunopithecus">Bunopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hoolock_gibbon" title="Hoolock gibbon">Hoolock</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hylobates" title="Hylobates">Hylobates</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Junzi_imperialis" title="Junzi imperialis">Junzi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomascus" title="Nomascus">Nomascus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Siamang" title="Siamang">Symphalangus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Yuanmoupithecus" title="Yuanmoupithecus">Yuanmoupithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Hominidae" title="Hominidae">Hominidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Buronius" title="Buronius">Buronius</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ouranopithecus" title="Ouranopithecus">Ouranopithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ponginae" title="Ponginae">Ponginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Ankarapithecus" title="Ankarapithecus">Ankarapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Gigantopithecus" title="Gigantopithecus">Gigantopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Indopithecus" title="Indopithecus">Indopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Khoratpithecus" title="Khoratpithecus">Khoratpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Lufengpithecus" title="Lufengpithecus">Lufengpithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Meganthropus" title="Meganthropus">Meganthropus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Orangutan" title="Orangutan">Pongo</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sivapithecus" title="Sivapithecus">Sivapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"><a href="Homininae" title="Homininae">Homininae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="Dryopithecini" title="Dryopithecini">Dryopithecini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anoiapithecus" title="Anoiapithecus">Anoiapithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dryopithecus" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hispanopithecus" title="Hispanopithecus">Hispanopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Pierolapithecus" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Rudapithecus" title="Rudapithecus">Rudapithecus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Gorillini" title="Gorillini">Gorillini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Chororapithecus" title="Chororapithecus">Chororapithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><i><a href="Gorilla" title="Gorilla">Gorilla</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Nakalipithecus" title="Nakalipithecus">Nakalipithecus</a></i>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominini" title="Hominini">Hominini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">Hominina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Graecopithecus" title="Graecopithecus">Graecopithecus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Kenyanthropus" title="Kenyanthropus">Kenyanthropus</a></i></li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Orrorin" title="Orrorin">Orrorin</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Sahelanthropus" title="Sahelanthropus">Sahelanthropus</a></i>?</li>

<li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="Paranthropus" title="Paranthropus">Paranthropus</a></i></li></ul>

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<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106565" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q106565">Q106565</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ardipithecus" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Ardipithecus">Ardipithecus</a></span></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id32368">32368</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1222967">1222967</a></span></span></li>

<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=83059">83059</a></span></span></li></ul>

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